Mammalian kidneys are part of the urinary system, functioning with the ureter, urinary bladder, and tubular urethra. These organs remove unwanted cellular waste, excess salts, and toxins from the blood. The kidneys play a part in regulating water balance and pH levels in the mammalian body. They also help regulate blood pressure and red blood cell production. Dissecting a kidney allows you to trace the path of wastes and urine through the organ and better understand its function.

An earthworm dissection lab provides an economical and convenient opportunity for students to practice their dissection techniques before progressing to more complex specimens such as frogs or pigs. The dissection can be performed in about 30 minutes and requires only scissors, forceps, and dissecting pins. A hand lens may be helpful.

Cow eyes are typical dissection specimens used in lab to study eye anatomy because they are structurally and functionally similar to human eyes. Students explore the external and internal anatomy, learning how structures work together to create images from incoming light. A preserved cow eye dissection can be carried out in 1–2 class periods and only requires basic dissecting instruments.

Dissection of a preserved sheep or pig heart offers students an excellent opportunity to learn about mammalian heart anatomy. While dissecting, students can also explore how blood is pumped through the heart. Preserved sheep and pig hearts, while smaller and larger respectively, are similar in structure and function to the human heart, making this dissection great for many labs—from basic biology to human anatomy courses.

Insects are the most diverse class of animals on the planet with over 1 million named species. Scientists estimate that there are millions more species to be classified. Preserved grasshoppers, from the order Orthoptera, are excellent specimens to explore basic insect anatomy. The lubber grasshopper (Romalea) is often used because it is large and readily available. Like many grasshopper species, it is an agricultural pest.

The dissection of preserved frogs is an engaging introduction to vertebrate anatomy and mature body systems. Exploring the anatomy of the frog allows discussions about adaptations and how anatomical structures are related to their functions. This activity can be performed by a range of students, from elementary school students who are just learning about body systems to college students who are studying comparative anatomy. The dissection is simple, only requiring dissecting scissors, and can be completed in 1 or 2 class periods depending on your preference.

Sea stars, or starfish, are popular dissection specimens for studying the distinctive anatomy of echinoderms. Known for their radial symmetry, tube feet, and water vascular system, these marine invertebrates are an ideal way to connect structure and function in your lab!

Pigs are excellent and engaging specimens for studying mammalian anatomy. They exhibit hair, a muscular diaphragm, a 4-chambered heart, and mammary glands. Middle school students can use preserved pigs to begin their exploration of human body systems and structure and function. Advanced high school biology or anatomy and physiology students can use pig anatomy as an explanatory model for human anatomy, both internally and externally.