Having good math skills is important and necessary for students to be successful in physical science courses. As a course progresses, formulae build up, units become more complex, and students may become confused. This Physical Science Math Review can help students organize formulae by topic and recall the appropriate SI units; it also gives them a metric conversion and scientific notation refresher. Use the math review from day one or as an end-of-course exam review. Math is the language of science.
Metric scale and conversions
Conversion factor method:
Given quantity × conversion factor = desired unit
Given quantity × desired unit = desired unit
given unit
Example:
Convert 450 mL to L.
Metric prefix exponent method:
(Exponent of given unit) – (exponent of desired unit) = number of places and direction to move decimal point
Negative answer: move the decimal to the left
Positive answer: move the answer to the right
Example:
Convert 450 mL to L.
milli = –3 Liter = 0
(–3) – (0) = –3
Move the decimal point 3 places to the left from its original position: 0.450 L
Scientific notation
Scientific notation converts a large or small number into a number with a mantissa between 1 and 10 multiplied by 10 raised to an exponent.
Steps:
- Move the decimal point in the original number to create a new number between 1.0 and 9.99.
- The number of places you moved the decimal point becomes the exponent. If you moved the decimal point to the right, the exponent is negative. If you moved the decimal point to the left, the exponent is positive.
Example:
Place 234,000 into scientific notation.
The decimal is behind the last 0 and must be moved 5 places to the left.
The answer is 2.34 × 105.
Formulae and formula manipulation
Problem-solving steps:
- List the given information and the UNITS.
- List the unknown or variable you need to solve for.
- Select the formula that contains the given units and the unknown.
- Manipulate the formula to isolate the unknown.
- Plug in the numbers with units.
- Cross out like units (unit analysis). The unit for the unknown should remain.
- Perform the necessary arithmetic.
- Make sure the final answer has a number and a unit.
Example:
If a sample of a substance has a density of 2.1 g/mL and a mass of 8.0 g, what is its volume?
Given: D = 2.1 g/mL m = 8.0 g
Unknown = volume mL
D = m/V so V = m/D
Motion, energy, and work
Machines
Waves and the electromagnetic spectrum
Electricity
Density
Temperature
Gas laws
- Boyle’s Law P1V1 = P2V2
- Charles’s Law V1/T1 = V2/T2
- Combined Gas Law (P1V1/T1) = (P2V2/T2)
P = Pressure in atm, mmHg, or Pa, kPa
V = Volume in mL or L
T = Temperature and must be in Kelvin
Thermodynamics
- q = m × Cp × DT
- q = m Hv
- q = mHf
- q = quantity of heat; Joule, J m = mass in g or kg
- Cp = Specific heat in J/gC° or kJ/kgC° or cal/gC°
- Hv = Heat of vaporization in J/g or kJ/kg
- Hf = Heat of fusion in J/g or kJ/kg
Radiation
Summary of Radiation Types and Properties
| Type of Radiation | Aplha particle | Beta particle | Gamma ray |
|---|---|---|---|
Symbol |
|
|
|
Mass (atomic mass units) | 4 | 1/2000 | 0 |
Charge | +2 | –1 | 0 |
Speed | slow | fast | very fast |
Ionizing ability | high | medium | 0 |
Penetrating power | low | medium | high |
Stopped by | paper | aluminum | lead |
Balancing nuclear equations:
- All substances must be written with mass and nuclear charge.
- Mass must balance (top number).
- Charge must balance (bottom number).
Major types of chemical reactions
Mole conversions
1 mole = 6.02 × 1023 particles particles may include atoms, molecules, ions, electrons
1 mole of a gas at Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP) occupies 22.4 L
Conversion factors: grams/molar mass = moles = particles/6.02 × 1023 particles
Acids and bases
pH = –log[H+] or pH = –log[H3O+] [ ] = concentration
pOH = –log[OH–]
pH + pOH =14
Kw = [H+] × [OH–] = 1 × 10-14 at 25°C
